Hufeland — The Vital Force
Hufeland's central theory — the vital force (Lebenskraft), a finite life-energy whose rate of spending sets the length of life; obsolete as mechanism, prescient as the idea of a conserved biological reserve.
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Hufeland — The Art of Prolonging Life
Hufeland's Art of Prolonging Life (Makrobiotik, 1796) — the book that coined 'macrobiotics,' and the Enlightenment hinge between Bacon's theory of aging and modern longevity science.
Hufeland — Intensity Versus Duration
Hufeland's signature trade-off — living intensely burns the vital force fast and shortens life, while living calmly conserves it and lengthens it; the fastest-burning flame is not the longest-lasting.
Hufeland — What Shortens Life
Hufeland's catalogue of the life-shorteners — the excesses, passions, dissipations, and even idleness that squander the vital force — and the modern truth beneath his 18th-century list.